International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Embryonic development is a complex and highly regulated process that depends critically on maternal nutrient availability. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the essential nutrients that influence embryogenesis, focusing on folate, vitamin B12, iron, iodine, zinc, and essential fatty acids. These nutrients contribute to vital biological functions such as DNA synthesis, epigenetic modulation, antioxidant defense, hormonal regulation, and neurodevelopment. Deficiencies during pregnancy are linked to a range of adverse outcomes including neural tube defects, intrauterine growth restriction, cognitive impairments, and congenital anomalies. Understanding the mechanistic roles of these nutrients underscores the importance of adequate maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy. The review highlights gaps in knowledge, particularly regarding nutrient interactions and timing of supplementation, and calls for integrated strategies to improve maternal and fetal health globally.

Keywords: Embryonic development, Critical nutrients, Folate, Vitamin B12, Iron deficiency, Iodine, Zinc, Essential fatty acids, Neural tube defects, Maternal nutrition