International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Cyber attacks have become one of the most serious threats in the modern digital world. With the rapid growth of cloud computing, online banking, e-commerce, and remote work, cyber criminals continuously develop advanced techniques to exploit system vulnerabilities. Organizations and individuals face risks such as data breaches, identity theft, ransomware attacks, and financial fraud. Traditional security mechanisms are no longer sufficient to protect digital assets against evolving threats.

This report explores the major types of cyber attacks, including phishing, malware, ransomware, denial-of-service attacks, insider threats, and advanced persistent threats. It also discusses effective prevention methods such as multi-factor authentication, encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, employee awareness training