International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Cybersecurity has become a crucial aspect of the modern digital world due to the rapid growth of information and communication technologies. As individuals, organizations, and governments increasingly rely on digital platforms, the risk of cyber threats has significantly increased. Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage.

This paper explores the major challenges associated with cybersecurity in today’s digital environment. It discusses various types of cyber threats such as malware, phishing, ransomware, and denial-of-service attacks, which pose serious risks to data confidentiality and system integrity. The study also highlights the impact of cyber attacks on different sectors, including financial loss, data breaches, and reputational damage.

Furthermore, the paper examines key challenges such as a lack of awareness, weak security practices, and technological vulnerabilities. It also suggests preventive measures like strong passwords, two-factor authentication, and user education. The study concludes that cybersecurity is essential for ensuring a safe and reliable digital future.

Key Words: Cybersecurity, Cyber Threats, Malware, Phishing, Ransomware, Data Breach, Network Security, Encryption, Cybercrime, Digital Security