International Research Journal of Education and Technology

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most widespread nutritional disorder globally, affecting an estimated two billion people, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2021). It is defined by a reduction in hemoglobin levels due to inadequate iron availability, which is essential for erythropoiesis—the production of red blood cells. Iron is a key component of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, and its deficiency impairs oxygen transport, leading to a range of physiological consequences. IDA primarily manifests as microcytic (small red blood cells) and hypochromic (pale red blood cells) anemia, with common symptoms including fatigue, pallor, weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, and impaired cognitive function (Camaschella, 2015)

 The public health impact of IDA is profound, affecting both individuals and entire communities. In children, chronic iron deficiency can lead to developmental delays, decreased school performance, and increased susceptibility to infections due to weakened immune function (Lopez et al., 2016).

In pregnant women, severe IDA is associated with higher risks of maternal mortality, preterm birth, and low birth weight, contributing to increased neonatal morbidity and mortality (WHO, 2021). In adults, IDA reduces work capacity and productivity, leading to substantial economic losses, particularly in labor-intensive industries in developing nations. It is estimated that iron deficiency contributes to a 4% reduction in GDP in some lowincome countries due to decreased workforce efficiency and increased healthcare costs (Horton & Ross, 2003).                                                                                                      

Keywords:- Iron Deficiency Anemia, vitamin , nitrates and antioxidants, and prevalent nutritional disorder