International Research Journal of Education and Technology

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that connects physical devices through sensors, software, and networks to enable real-time data exchange and automation. It is transforming industries, improving efficiency, and providing innovative solutions in areas like smart homes, healthcare, agriculture, and industrial operations. By linking billions of devices worldwide, IoT is creating smarter environments and enhancing human lives. IoT systems are typically designed in layered architectures, including perception, network, middleware, and application layers. Each layer plays a vital role in data collection, transmission, processing, and user interaction. Despite its advantages, IoT faces challenges such as security vulnerabilities, interoperability issues among devices, and energy consumption in large-scale deployments. To overcome these challenges, emerging trends like edge computing, Artificial Intelligence Integration (AIoT), energy harvesting technologies, and new global standards are shaping the future of IoT. This report provides a comprehensive study of IoT’s architecture, applications, challenges, and future directions, offering insights into how IoT continues to evolve and impact the modern world.

KEYWORDS:, Internet of Things , Artificial Intelligence Integration, Network, Middleware.