International Research Journal of Education and Technology

PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controllers in Electric trolleys. Electric trolleys, which are widely used in industrial and urban transportation settings, require precise control systems to ensure efficient and safe operation. PID controllers are favored for their simplicity and effectiveness in regulating variables such as speed and position .the survey explores various aspects of PID controller design and implementation, including the development of control algorithms, hardware integration with microcontrollers and sensors, and different methods for tuning methods such as Ziegler- nichols are compared with modern optimization techniques like genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization. the performance of PID controlled electric trolleys is analyzed through both simulation studies and real-world experiments, highlighting key metrics such as stability, response time, and accuracy. Comparative studies between PID controllers and other control strategies such as fuzzy logic and model predictive control, are also reviewed. key challenges in the implementation of PID controllers, including handling system nonlinearities and uncertainties, are discussed alongside potential solutions such as adaptive and self-tuning PID controllers. The report concludes with a summary of findings, emphasizing the effectiveness of PID controllers in electric trolley applications, and provides recommendations future research directions to address existing challenges for improved performance and sustainability.

Keywords—PID Controller, PID Controllers Electric Trolly, Electric Vehicles