International Research Journal of Education and Technology

This article explores the pivotal role of the four rūpajhānas – also known as “fine-material jhānas”, “material jhānas”, “form jhānas” – in the Buddha’s journey to enlightenment. It provides a conceptual foundation for understanding how these meditative states facilitate the overcoming of the five hindrances and the development of deep concentration (samādhi), equanimity (upekkhā), and mindfulness (sati).

The article analyzes each of the four jhānas in detail: the role of the first jhāna in overcoming the initial mental hindrances and its influence on the Buddha’s path to enlightenment; the arising singleness of mind and deepening concentration of the second jhāna; the cultivation of equanimity and mindfulness of the third jhāna; and the attainment of pure equanimity and mindfulness of the fourth jhāna.

The article further discusses why the Buddha returned to the first jhāna after achieving greater absorption in the immaterial jhānas (arūpajhānas), and why he skipped the four immaterial jhānas in the final stages of his enlightenment. These analyses emphasize the crucial influence and miraculous power of the rūpajhānas in the Buddha’s enlightenment, emphasizing their special function in achieving knowledge, ending suffering, and attaining Nibbāna.

Keywords: jhāna, first jhāna, second jhāna, third jhāna, fourth jhāna, rūpajhānas, arūpajhānas, enlightment